At the core of each of the projects was a fundamental question with far-reaching implications. Could a “hypertumor” of cancer cells with a selfish phenotype be used to collapse a growing tumor? How strong must a long-range immune signal be in order to quash a spreading short-range infection? How do parasites-of-parasites repeatedly and robustly emerge despite occupying a narrow, unstable niche? How do parasites with multi-host lifecycles calibrate their deleterious effects in order to most effectively climb the food chain?

Watch their final presentations here, and find the list of projects and their contributors below.

Hypertumors: a solution to Peto’s paradox

Team #1 - Cameron Heard, Arnav Hiray, and Sarah Hui (GT)

Interferons: a mathematical approach to innate immunity

Team #2 - Saúl Chavez, Thomas Cutro, Isabella Kulstad (Tulane)

Nature’s Equilibrators: Hyperparasites

Team #3 - Alex Mark, Beau Martin, Aditya Natham, Amy Sims (GSU)

Modeling predator-prey relationships in the presence of a multi-species parasite

Team #4 - Daniel Dale (Clemson) and Andalib Samandari (GSU), with Andrew Callahan (Clemson)

But the long term answer is: This is how you begin to train the next generation of researchers to answer the central questions about living systems and tackle the toughest problems in bio-research. That, in a nutshell, is what the SCMB was created to do, as one of four centers established by The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Simons Foundation. Together they have invested $40 million to establish the four centers. The global mission of the centers is to interrogate complex biological systems, including parsing the relationship between genome and phenome.

The first step, as SCMB Director Christine Heitsch (professor of mathematics at Georgia Tech and a researcher in the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience) has said from the beginning, “is getting mathematicians and bioscience investigators collaborating on research.”

The 24 students who participated in the workshop at Georgia Tech just before the fall semester started represented 18 different colleges, including Georgia Tech. The others were: American University, Calvin College, the College of William & Mary, Converse College, Duke, Olivet College, Robert Morris University, Spelman, Texas A&M, Virginia Commonwealth, Virginia Tech, the University of Chicago, University of Georgia, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, University of South Carolina, University of South Florida, and the University of Virginia.

The idea behind the workshop “was to expose mathematics and biology students to research topics from the other field in an accessible, hands-on manner,” explained Daniel Cruz, a postdoctoral researcher at Georgia Tech, and part of the SCMB team, working collaboratively with Elena Dimitrova (associate professor at California Polytechnic State University) and Melissa Kemp (associate professor at Georgia Tech, and a researcher in the Petit Institute). The workshop topic was “Molecular Origami,” an area with rich conceptual interplay between math and biology, and also very contemporary, technology-driven applications. In addition to the research discussions, “we also incorporated advice on career development in and out of academia,” Cruz said.

One highlight that all of the undergrad participants seemed to have enjoyed was a tour of Francesca Storici’s lab. Storici is an SCMB team lead, professor in the School of Biological Sciences, and  Petit Institute researcher. “Students were excited about this tour because it provided them with nontrivial activities in a laboratory setting,” Cruz said.

In Storici’s lab, Ph.D. student and SCMB researcher Youngkyu Jeon demonstrated that DNA fragments can be digested by “cutting” proteins which cleave to DNA molecules at specific recognition sites determined by the DNA sequence itself. Because the recognition sequence is relatively short, longer DNA molecules may contain multiple recognition sites and would therefore be cut into multiple pieces. Jeon visualized the DNA molecules by running them through a gel using an electrical current (a process called gel electrophoresis), which separated out the molecules by size.

The undergrads caught on quickly to the principles of the experiment. “They asked insightful questions,” said Jeon, who is pursuing his Ph.D. in biology. “Different restriction endonucleases target different recognition sites, but there can be overlap in what they recognize. One student correctly figured out that multiple endonucleases could be used to cut the same site, and choosing the best one will depend on things like the state of the DNA ends once they are sheared.”

Student feedback also gave high marks to the lectures provided by Cruz and Margherita Maria Ferrari (a postdoc at the University of South Florida), who together managed the math component of the workshop. “We gave them opportunities to collaborate with their fellow students in applying what we had discussed,” said Cruz, who thought the activities the students engaged in, “gave them an appreciation for mathematics as a way to understand the world outside, apart from just numerical equations.” The development of the mathematics component of the workshop was guided by Nataša Jonoska of the University of South Florida, Ferrari’s academic mentor and Cruz’s former Ph.D. advisor.

Cruz makes an important point here – many people tend to believe that math is only about proofs or calculations, or cold numbers. SCMB and its fellow NSF centers (at Harvard, Northwestern, and the University of California-Irvine) intend to develop and apply mathematics as a useful tool to study nature, and the complex processes that underlie biology.

“I think that mathematicians and biologists are opening up to the idea that there are both interesting mathematical questions that arise from biology settings and plenty of biology questions that can be answered in unexpected ways through mathematics,” Cruz said. “These cross-disciplinary collaborations give both students and researchers a larger perspective when it comes to understanding problems and forming solutions, and I hope that more and more researchers see this as time goes on.”

The Exploration Expo comes at the end of the two week long Atlanta Science Festival, which includes events all over the city. The Expo is Atlanta’s biggest interactive science event and caters to adults, families, and children of all ages and interests. Each year it features over 100 interactive exhibits, hands-on experiments, and mind-blowing demos from local universities, businesses, and community organizations.

Mathapalooza! is supported by mathematics students and faculty and Atlanta universities, including Georgia Tech, Emory, Kennesaw State University, and Spelman College, and was part of the weeklong events around the city coordinated this year by the Atlanta Science Festival.

On the first day of the camp, the middle schoolers explored how the four DNA "letters" (A, T, G, and C) encode the complexity of life by counting the number of strings of a given length that can be built from the four letters, and they used Hamiltonian paths to reconstruct DNA sequences out of fragments. On the second day, the students learned about the heritability of blood type and how to use Punnett squares to calculate the probability of inheriting a particular type based on parental genotypes. On the last day, the students got a taste of robotics and artificial intelligence by playing "Game of Life," an interactive game in complex outcomes can arise from simple rules and initial circumstances.

Dimitrova is a senior researcher at SCMB. As a mathematician, she uses computational algebra to solve problems in molecular and cell biology. Currently, her SCMB-funded seed project in collaboration with Melissa Kemp of Georgia Tech investigates how stem cells form patterns arising from cell-cell communication.

Bubenik is a senior researcher at SCMB. He is a mathematician working in topological data analysis, and currently collaborating with Hang Lu of Georgia Tech to understand the genetic control of morphological phenotype in their SCMB-funded seed project.